Molecular genotyping and antimicrobial resistance characters of Helicobacter pylori isolates from raw milk of naturally infected animal species

Abstract

Raw milk of livestock species is considered a possible source of H. pylori transmission into humankind. The existing research was accomplished to measure the genotyping profile of H. pylori isolates of raw milk samples of naturally infected animal species. One-thousand and two-hundred raw milk samples were collected from livestock species. The microbial culture method has assessed the presence of H. pylori strains. The polymerase chain reaction established bacterial isolates. The genotyping profile was studied using the PCR. Two hundred and ten out of 1200 (17.50%) raw milk samples were contaminated with H. pylori. Raw ovine milk (24.21%) harbored the highest contamination rate. The most frequently identified genotypes were vacA s1a (64.76%), s2 (57.14%), m1a (56.19%), and m2 (54.28%), cagA (49.52%) and cagE (49.52%). The role of raw milk, predominantly ovine milk, was determined to transmit resistant and virulent H. pylori strains. VacA, cagE, and cagA genotypes were the most commonly detected. Higher distribution of iceA1 than iceA2, oipA- than oipA+, cagA- than cagA+, and cagE- than cagE+ was another novel finding. CagA-, CagE-, and oipA- H. pylori had the higher frequency.

Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, Genotyping, Raw milk.